Lowercase Fraktur
Below are examples of all the Fraktur letters. This is useful when trying to decipher hard to read letters or letters that are similar to each other.
Use the buttons to jump to a specific letter to study.
a
The lowercase Fraktur a is very similar to the lowercase Latin a with a single loop and a stem on the right.
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b
The lowercase Fraktur b often has serifs protruding from its stem.
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c
The lowercase Fraktur c is considerably thinner in Fraktur than in Roman typefaces, and will almost always occur followed by an h or a k. When this happens, the lowercase Fraktur c is usually combined with the lowercase Fraktur h or the lowercase Fraktur k to form unique ligatures.
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d
The lowercase Fraktur d is shaped like the lowercase Fraktur v. The upper portion of the right stem curves to the left.
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e
The lowercase Fraktur e is also considerably thinner than its Latin counterpart.
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f
The lowercase Fraktur f always extends below the baseline but it is otherwise very similar to our modern Latin f. It can be easily confused with the lowercase Fraktur initial/medial s. The only difference between these two letters is that the cross-stroke on this letter extends over to the right side of the letter, while the cross-stroke on the lowercase Fraktur s is only on the left side.
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g
The lowercase Fraktur g may be confused with the lowercase Fraktur q, however unlike the lowercase Fraktur q, the downward stroke always forms a loop to the left.
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h
The lowercase Fraktur h looks very similar to the lowercase Fraktur b. The difference is that the loop on this letter is narrower and does not close, but extends vertically under the baseline.
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i
The lowercase Fraktur i closely resembles the lowercase Latin i. This letter is also very similar to the lowercase Fraktur j, the only difference being that the vertical stroke does not extend under the baseline and it curves slightly to the right.
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j
The lowercase Fraktur j strongly resembles the lowercase Fraktur i, except that this letter's vertical stroke extends under the baseline and has serifs protruding from the bottom.
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k
The lowercase Fraktur k has serifs protruding from the main stem. The cross-stroke through the stem with the protruding hook is the only thing that differentiates this letter from the lowercase fraktur l.
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l
The lowercase Fraktur l is a simple stem with serifs protruding from the top. Unlike the lowercase Fraktur k, this letter does not have a cross-stroke.
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m
The lowercase Fraktur m is is similar to the lowercase Latin m. It is not to be confused with the lowercase Fraktur w, from which it is differentiated by this letter's third vertical stroke being straight.
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n
The lowercase Fraktur n looks exactly like its Latin counterpart, but it may often be confused with the lowercase Fraktur u. Unlike the lowercase Fraktur u, this letter loops down (not up) and its main stem is always on the left.
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o
The lowercase Fraktur o is just like the lowercase Latin o. The difference between this letter and the lowercase Fraktur a (with which it might be confused) is that this letter has a vertical line on the left and it loops to the right, while the lowercase Fraktur a does the opposite.
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p
The lowercase Fraktur p looks exactly like the lowercase Latin p, which is a vertical stem extending under the baseline with a loop to the right above the baseline.
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q
The lowercase Fraktur q is very similar to the lowercase Latin q. It might be confused with the lowercase Fraktur g, although the difference is that the stem on this letter is straight and does not loop. The q is always followed by a u.
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r
The lowercase Fraktur r is very much like its Latin counterpart. It might, however, be confused with the lowercase Fraktur x, which adds a loop below the baseline to the right.
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ſ
This s is used at the beginning of words or syllables, in between letters within a syllable. It is very similar to the lowercase Fraktur f, although the lowercase Fraktur ſ's cross-stroke only appears on the left side of the letter.
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s
This s is only used at the end of words or syllables. The lowercase Fraktur s is very much like the lowercase Latin s except for the additional loop on top.
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t
The lowercase Fraktur t looks exactly like its Latin counterpart, a vertical line with a cross-stroke through it over the midline.
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u
The lowercase Fraktur u is often confused with the lowercase Fraktur n. The only difference is that this letter loops up and has its main stem on the right.
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v
The lowercase Fraktur v looks very much like the lowercase Fraktur o, except that the vertical stroke on the left goes above the circle.
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w
The lowercase Fraktur w might be confused with the lowercase Fraktur m, from which this letter is differentiated by its longer first stem and its closed loop between its second and third stems.
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x
The lowercase Fraktur x is very rare. It may be confused with the lowercase Fraktur r, except that this letter has a loop below the baseline to the right.
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y
The lowercase Fraktur y is fairly similar to the lowercase Fraktur h. The only difference is that unlike the lowercase Fraktur h, the stem on this letter appears to be shorter and it does not have serifs protruding from the top.
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z
The lowercase Fraktur z is fairly similar to the lowercase Latin z. It consists of a forward loop above the baseline and a tail that loops backward below the baseline.
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ä
The lowercase Fraktur ä resembles a regular lowercase Fraktur a with the addition of the diacritic marks above the letter. This letter is interchangeable with ae.
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ö
The lowercase Fraktur ö resembles a regular lowercase Fraktur o with the addition of the diacritic marks above the letter. This letter is interchangeable with oe.
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ü
The lowercase Fraktur ü resembles a regular lowercase Fraktur u with the addition of the diacritic marks above the letter. This letter is interchangeable with ue.
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ß
The Fraktur ß (Eszett or Sharp S) only appears as a lowercase letter and never begins a word or a syllable. (If the entire word is written in capital letters, the ß will appear as SS.) The Fraktur ß looks like a ligature of the lowercase Fraktur ſ with a lowercase Fraktur z, resembling the uppercase Latin B.
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